ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΡ ΠΠ°Ρ, Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Β«ΠΒ» Π΄ΠΎ Β«Π―Β».
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅
ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Ρ: Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π°ΡΡ Π² Β«ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Β» ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΠ°ΠΌ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Β«Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΒ» ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ: ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΄ Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΏΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠΈΒ» ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ΄ Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½.
ΠΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ±Π° Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π², Π² ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½:
- ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆ;
- ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ;
Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π½Ρ:
- ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈ;
- Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅;
- ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ;
- ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ.
Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Β«Π²ΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅Β» Π½ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ, Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ:
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°
Π‘ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
Π§ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π», Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ? ΠΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅? ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ? ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π²Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅.
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅: Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ?
ΠΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅, Π²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ β ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ°, ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ, ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ.
ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ Π΄Π²Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° β ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ 3 Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°:
- ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 2-3 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΡ;
- ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ;
- Π²Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ Π² ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ.Β
ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Β«Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΒ». Π Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ , Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅:
- ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ;
- Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅;
- Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ ;
- ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡ .
ΠΡΠ°ΠΏΡ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π’Π°ΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ? Π‘ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π΅. ΠΠ°Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅:
- ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ;
- ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ;
- ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°;
- ΠΌΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»Ρ;
- ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ.
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ β ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ (Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ.
Π‘ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ (Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ), ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ.
Π Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ
Π‘ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ?
Π‘ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π±Π΅Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π³Π΄Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°.
ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ.
ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π°Π½Π½Π°.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ·Π»Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ .
Π ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ β ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΠ°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ° Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ².
Π Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ·Π»Π° Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅: ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ?
Π‘Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π΅Π», Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ:
- ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ) ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ, ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ β ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆ ΡΡΡΠ± Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ.
- ΠΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π° Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎ- ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ.
- ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ , Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ β Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ.
- ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆ Π΄ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
- ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°.
- ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°.
- Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅.
Π‘ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ: 7 ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ 7 ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²:
- ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅?
- ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΒ». ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ β ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ.
- ΠΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. Π ΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½.
- ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡ Π½Ρ, Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Ρ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ β ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
- ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π°, Π² Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° β ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ.
- Π‘ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Β«ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΒ», ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π·ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»Π°.
- ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ½ β ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ. ΠΠ· ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π° Π½Π΅Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΊΡ-Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΉΠ·Π΅Ρ. Π, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄Ρ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅: ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²?
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ YouTube, ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ², Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π·ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
Π§Π°ΡΡΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π² ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎ, Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ. Π ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π³ΠΎΠ΄-Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ β ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°, β ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ.
Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ β Π‘Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ
ΠΡΠ° Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊ, Π½Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌ!
Π§ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ?
ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ» Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅ Π²Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ, Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ, Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°? ΠΡΡΠ΄ Π»ΠΈ. Π, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»Π°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΡΠΌ.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Β ΠΊΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ
ΠΒ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡ: ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ.ΠΠ΅Π· Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΌΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΈΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°.Π¦Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅
Π‘ΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Β Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅.Π€ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°
Π Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡ Π·Π° 3,5 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°. Π‘ΡΠΎΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅.
Π§ΡΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ?
ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ β ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π·. ΠΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠΎ:
-
ΠΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π£ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Π²Ρ ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π³Π΄Π΅-ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ. Π’ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ.
-
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ — ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π²Π°ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΄ Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΊΡ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ. Π’ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ, Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°, Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ βΠΏΡΡΡΠΎΠΉβ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ — ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΡΠΎ Π²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ². ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ.
-
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ — ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ» Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π» ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΡΡ.
-
ΠΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³ ΡΠ΅Π½. ΠΠ°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π·Π° Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ? Π’ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°Ρ , ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, Π²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ, Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ² Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΠΊ.
-
ΠΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ . ΠΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ — ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΈ ΡΠΆ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ². Π‘Π°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ , ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π³Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΈ Π½ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π° Π² Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅. ΠΠ΅Π· ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ. ΠΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°, Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ — ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ.
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ — ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡ?
Π’Π΅ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π²Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅, Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π½Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ , ΡΠΎ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ.
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Ρ Π±ΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΄
ΠΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²? Π‘ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅, Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡ, Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΄, Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ΄ Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ Π²Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΄Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ.
ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°, Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΄Ρ β ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ.
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΌ «ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡ»
ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ — ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°, Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ:
-
ΠΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ Ρ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ.
-
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½, Π²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
-
ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°: Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°. ΠΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅, Π²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅Π·ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ:
-
ΠΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ , Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ.
-
ΠΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ , Π²Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².
-
Π-ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ , ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ Π±ΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΄, Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ: Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ»ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ.
Π€Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ, Ρ Π³Π°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ:
-
ΠΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ°Ρ , ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅.
-
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ , Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅Π²) ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ.
-
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π² ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ: Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°.
-
Π’Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΡ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅.
ΠΡΠ΅ Π½ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ.
Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΌ β ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌ, Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅.
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ β ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π² Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ (Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½), Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°, Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ, Π±Π΅Π· Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ-ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
ΠΠ»ΡΡ: ΠΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ Ρ Π±ΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π°Ρ Π½Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ β ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΄Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊ-ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ, Π²Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π² Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π² ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π²Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π° Π² Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° 2-3 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° Π²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ. ΠΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π°Ρ β Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΎ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡ-ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌ. Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ², Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ.
Π‘ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅?
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ, Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ β Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ. Π‘ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ β Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ»Π°, Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ.
Π Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ°Π»Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ:
- ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Ρ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠΉ;
- ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π²Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ·Π΅Π» ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡ Π½ΠΈ;
- ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡ Π½ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ·Π»Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΡ;
- ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΠΉ;
- ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡ Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ Π±Π΅Π· Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ;
- ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆ ΠΊΠ°Π±Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ;
- Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Π°;
- ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ;
- ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ, Π±Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠΈ;
- ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠΠ‘ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π² ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½
Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ’Π:
- ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄Π°;
- ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ;
- ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ²;
- Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ.
Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° Π² Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ’Π ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½:
- ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²;
- Π·Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² Π½Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ²;
- ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠΈΠΉ;
- ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄
a a a a a a a
90000 How Much Should You Budget for Home Repairs? 90001 90002 Consider these 4 questions to set up a home maintenance fund. 90003 90002 Buying a home might be one of the most exciting times in your life. It’s full of possibilities, but it’s also full of a whirlwind of paperwork and financial hurdles. One of those hurdles that can easily get lost in the shuffle of mortgage documents and closing costs: saving money for emergency home repairs. 90003 90002 «Homebuyers rarely consider how much it will cost to own, operate and maintain a house,» says Ilyce Glink, author of «100 Questions Every First-Time Home Buyer Should Ask» and publisher of ThinkGlink.com, a personal finance and real estate educational website. «They’re very interested in looking at how much mortgage, taxes and insurance will cost, but if a homebuyer is on the edge of affordability, buying a bigger house with higher maintenance and upkeep could push him or her over the edge financially.» 90003 90002 90009 90003 90002 In order to avoid this scenario, consider setting up a home maintenance and repair fund. But how much should you budget for home repairs, and how will budgeting for unexpected home repairs make your life easier as a homeowner? Consider the answers to the following four commonly asked questions: 90003 90013 1.How can a home maintenance fund help you? 90014 90002 Budgeting for unexpected home repairs helps to ensure that you have enough money to keep your home safe and in good working order. No one wants to deal with a leaky roof or a toilet that does not flush. 90003 90002 For Lisa, who blogs only under her first name at Mad Money Monster, it literally took a lightning strike to encourage her to save money for emergency home repairs. 90003 90002 «I realized I needed to save for home repairs when lightning struck our neighbor’s tree on our fence line,» she says.»Unfortunately, it split and fell into my side yard. Interestingly, if a tree falls onto your property, regardless of where the roots live, you’re responsible. » 90003 90002 Luckily, Lisa explains, not only did the tree miss her newly installed fence by a few feet, but her neighbor agreed to pay for the cleanup, so mother nature’s havoc did not cost her anything. Had that not been the case, she says she was probably looking at $ 1,000 or more in cleanup and repairs. 90003 90002 «From that point on, I decided to dedicate a $ 100 per month for repairs in a separate bank account in order to be prepared for the unexpected,» she says.90003 90002 Good thing, because when an ice storm hit a few years later, causing major damage to about 20 pine trees on her property and leaving her yard a mess of downed branches, she says she was able to tap these funds to pay for the $ 800 required to clean things up. 90003 90002 «The best part about having that home maintenance or repair fund is that I’ve eliminated the stress and worry that I dealt with before having one,» she says. «Even though I’m only saving $ 100 each month, that $ 100 adds up quickly and has come in handy more than once.»90003 90013 2. How much should you budget for unexpected home repairs? 90014 90002 There are a couple of rules of thumb that can help guide you when budgeting for unexpected home repairs. 90003 90002 According to the one percent rule, you should set aside at least one percent of your home’s value every year for home maintenance. For a $ 360,000 house, this works out to $ 3,600 per year, or $ 300 per month. 90003 90002 Another good rule of thumb is «saving 10 percent of the total cost of your property taxes, mortgage and insurance payments,» Glink says.»This is probably the minimum amount you should plan for.» 90003 90002 Using this logic, if you make a combined tax, mortgage and insurance payment of $ 2,000 per month, you should set aside another $ 200 for home repairs and maintenance. 90003 90039 90002 «The best part about having that home maintenance or repair fund is that I’ve eliminated the stress and worry that I dealt with before having one.» 90003 — Lisa, blogger at Mad Money Monster 90042 90013 3.When should you consider saving more? 90014 90002 If you’re determining how much you should budget for home repairs, consider the age of your home. If you have an older property, Glink says you may want to set aside a larger amount than the rules of thumb dictate, particularly if you know there are repairs looming on the horizon. 90003 90002 However, if you have a newer home, do not think that you get a temporary pass from saving money for emergency home repairs. It’s true that homes generally do not need as many repairs in their first five years, Glink says.But that does not hold true for 90048 all 90049 new homes, and new homes are not immune to accidents and weather damage that homeowners insurance may not cover. 90003 90002 «My house was brand new when I bought it, so I was not too concerned about having major issues,» Lisa says, «but the tree was a wake-up call.» 90003 90013 4. Where should you save money for emergency home repairs? 90014 90002 The best place to save money for emergency home repairs is in a savings vehicle that’s relatively liquid.90003 90002 «You’re going to need to get at this cash quickly and easily when something happens,» Glink says. «Do not tie it up into long-term bonds just because you think you’ll earn a little more in interest. Find an FDIC-insured bank account that pays the best rate of interest you can find. » 90003 90002 Sunny skies are the right time to save for a rainy day. 90003 90002 Start an emergency fund with no minimum balance. 90003 Start Saving 90063 Online 90064 Savings 90002 Discover Bank, Member FDIC 90003 90002 Budgeting for unexpected home repairs and saving that money in a high-interest online savings account has a lot of benefits.You’ll earn interest on your funds while they are parked in your account, and with an FDIC-insured bank, your account will be insured up to the maximum allowed by law if the bank fails. Another online savings account benefit is that you can easily withdraw money when a home emergency pops up. 90068 1 90069 90003 90002 «I have a separate online savings account where these funds live,» Lisa says. 90003 90002 Keeping your home repair and maintenance fund in a separate account can help you save money for emergency home repairs by making it more difficult to dip into the funds for an expense not related to its intended purpose.90003 90002 90076 90003 90013 Time to save money for emergency home repairs 90014 90002 Homeownership is a big responsibility with equally big costs. Most people think that the bulk of their costs come with the home down payment and closing, but unexpected home repairs can haunt you years later. As long as you determine how much you should budget for home repairs and come up with a game plan to save, you can enjoy your home stress-free-no scrambling when an unexpected home repair creeps up.90003 90002 90068 1 90069 Federal law limits certain types of withdrawals and transfers from savings and money market accounts to a combined total of 6 per calendar month per account. There are no limits on ATM withdrawals or official checks mailed to you. To get an account with an unlimited number of transactions, consider opening a Discover Cashback Debit account. If you go over these limitations on more than an occasional basis, your account may be closed. See Section 11 of the Deposit Account Agreement for more details.90003 90002 Discover Bank, Member FDIC 90003 90002 Related Article 90003 .90000 DIY Bathroom Remodel: A Step-By-Step Guide 90001 90002 A bathroom makeover is an easy way to spruce up your home. But before you start taking measurements for an open shower, you should take the time to plan out your bathroom renovation step-by-step so you know exactly what you’re getting into. 90003 90004 How Much Does a Bathroom Remodel Cost? 90005 90002 According to Angie’s List, the average total cost of a bathroom remodel is between $ 10,000 — $ 15,000, with labor costs taking up at least 20% of the budget.By going the do-it-yourself remodeling route, you can expect to save as much as a few thousand dollars. 90003 90002 Curious about how to remodel a bathroom yourself? Take a look at our step-by-step guide to figure out the best way to tackle your bathroom remodel. 90003 90004 Prep for Your DIY Bathroom Remodel 90005 90012 Establish Your Bathroom Makeover Design 90013 90002 Before you do any bathroom remodeling yourself, you should settle on a new design that fits your vision, as well as your skill set.There are so many different ways to approach a bathroom makeover, ranging from swapping out the vanity to gutting the space and starting over from scratch. 90003 90002 Here are a few design elements you absolutely need to nail down before you start your bathroom renovation: 90003 90018 90019 90020 Color scheme: 90021 Are you a fan of blue hues? Or perhaps shades of gray fit the rest of your decor? Know ahead of time to make sure your new bathroom tiles do not clash with your choice of paint.90022 90019 90020 New fixtures: 90021 Will you replace or remodel your shower / tub? Are you installing a new sink? Replacing one or both of these fixtures will add to your project time and budget. 90022 90019 90020 Storage spaces: 90021 Where will you keep your towels and toiletries post-remodel? If you’re removing a closet to expand the room, make sure you have shelving or cabinets to make up for the lost storage space in your bathroom. 90022 90019 90020 Location of utilities: 90021 Do you know where the electrical wiring and plumbing pipes are located? Make sure you have accurate measurements for each of these so you do not end up needing expensive repairs.90022 90035 90002 90037 90003 90012 Gather Your Remodeling Tools and Supplies 90013.90000 A Step by Step Guide to Starting a Business 90001 Shutterstock / FlamingoImages 90002 90003 You want to make sure you prepare thoroughly before starting a business, but realize that things will almost certainly go awry. To run a successful business, you must adapt to changing situations. 90004 90003 Conducting in-depth market research on your field and the demographics of your potential clientele is an important part of crafting a business plan.This involves running surveys, holding focus groups, and researching SEO and public data. 90004 90003 Before you start selling your product or service, you need to build up your brand and get a following of people who are ready to jump when you open your doors for business. 90004 90009 90010 Talk to any entrepreneur or small business owner and you’ll quickly learn that starting a business requires a lot of work. An idea does not become a business without effort. 90011 90010 Some budding entrepreneurs understand the effort necessary to create a business, but they might not be familiar with the many steps required to launch a business venture.If you’re willing to put in the effort to build a business, you’re going to want to know the steps needed to reach your goals. 90011 90010 Tasks like naming the business and creating a logo are obvious, but what about the less-heralded, equally important steps? Whether it’s determining your business structure or crafting a detailed marketing strategy, the workload can quickly pile up. Rather than spinning your wheels and guessing at where to start, follow this 10-step checklist to transform your business from a lightbulb above your head to a real entity.90011 90010 90017 In this article … 90018 90011 90010 90017 1. Refine your idea. 90018 90011 90010 90017 2. Write a business plan. 90018 90011 90010 90017 3. Assess your finances. 90018 90011 90010 90017 4. Determine your legal business structure. 90018 90011 90010 90017 5. Register with the government and IRS. 90018 90011 90010 90017 6. Purchase an insurance policy. 90018 90011 90010 90017 7. Build your team. 90018 90011 90010 90017 8.Choose your vendors. 90018 90011 90010 90017 9. Brand yourself and advertise. 90018 90011 90010 90017 10. Grow your business. 90018 90011 90010 90011 90062 1. Refine your idea. 90063 90010 If you’re thinking about starting a business, you likely already have an idea of ββwhat you want to sell, or at least the market you want to enter. Do a quick search for existing companies in your chosen industry. Learn what current brand leaders are doing and figure out how you can do it better.If you think your business can deliver something other companies do not (or deliver the same thing, only faster and cheaper), you’ve got a solid idea and are ready to create a business plan. 90011 90010 «In the words of Simon Sinek, ‘always start with why,'» Glenn Gutek, CEO of Awake Consulting and Coaching, told Business News Daily. «It is good to know why you are launching your business. In this process, it may be wise to differentiate between [whether] the business serves a personal why or a marketplace why.When your why is focused on meeting a need in the marketplace, the scope of your business will always be larger than a business that is designed to serve a personal need. «90011 90010 Another option is to open a franchise of an established company. The concept, brand following and business model are already in place; all you need is a good location and the means to fund your operation. 90011 90010 Regardless of which option you choose, it’s vital to understand the reasoning behind your idea.Stephanie Desaulniers, director of operations and women’s business programs at Covation Center, cautions entrepreneurs from writing a business plan or brainstorming a business name before nailing down the idea’s value. 90011 90010 «Many people think they have a great idea and jump into launching their business without thinking through who their customers will be, or why these people should want to buy from or hire them,» Desaulniers said. 90011 90010 «Second, you need to clarify why you want to work with these customers — do you have a passion for making people’s lives easier? Or enjoy creating art to bring color to their world? Identifying these answers helps clarify your mission.Third, you want to define how you will provide this value to your customers and how to communicate that value in a way that they are willing to pay. «90011 90010 During the ideation phase, you need to iron out the major details. If the idea is not something you’re passionate about or if there’s not a market for your creation, it might be time to brainstorm other ideas. 90011 90062 2. Write a business plan. 90063 90010 Once you have your idea in place, you need to ask yourself a few important questions: What is the purpose of your business? Who are you selling to? What are your end goals? How will you finance your startup costs? These questions can be answered in a well-written business plan.90011 90010 A lot of mistakes are made by new businesses rushing into things without pondering these aspects of the business. You need to find your target customer base. Who is going to buy your product or service? If you can not find evidence that there’s a demand for your idea, then what would be the point? 90011 90084 Conduct market research. 90085 90010 Conducting thorough market research on your field and demographics of potential clientele is an important part of crafting a business plan.This involves conducting surveys, holding focus groups, and researching SEO and public data. 90011 90010 Market research helps you understand your target customer — their needs, preferences and behavior — as well as your industry and competitors. The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) recommends gathering demographic information to better understand opportunities and limitations within your market. 90011 90010 The best small businesses have products or services that are differentiated from the competition.This has a significant impact on your competitive landscape and allows you to convey unique value to potential customers. A guide to conducting market research can be found on our sister site, business.com. 90011 90084 Consider an exit strategy. 90085 90010 It’s also a good idea to consider an exit strategy as you compile your business plan. Generating some idea of ββhow you’ll eventually exit the business forces you to look to the future. 90011 90010 «Too often, new entrepreneurs are so excited about their business and so sure everyone everywhere will be a customer that they give very little, if any, time to show the plan on leaving the business,» said Josh Tolley CEO of both Tribal Holdings and Kavana.90011 90010 «When you board an airplane, what is the first thing they show you? How to get off of it. When you go to a movie, what do they point out before the feature begins to play? Where the exits are. Your first week of kindergarten, they line up all the kids and teach them fire drills to exit the building. Too many times I have witnessed business leaders that do not have three or four pre-determined exit routes. This has led to lower company value and even destroyed family relationships.»90011 90010 A business plan helps you figure out where your company is going, how it will overcome any potential difficulties and what you need to sustain it. Check out our full guide to writing a business plan, and when you’re ready to put pen to paper, these free templates can help. 90011 90010 90017 [See related story: 90018 90017 The Best Business Plan Software 90018 90017] 90018 90011 90062 3. Assess your finances. 90063 90010 Starting any business has a price, so you need to determine how you’re going to cover those costs.Do you have the means to fund your startup, or will you need to borrow money? If you’re planning to leave your current job to focus on your business, do you have money put away to support yourself until you make a profit? It’s best to find out how much your startup costs will be. 90011 90010 Many startups fail because they run out of money before turning a profit. It’s never a bad idea to overestimate the amount of startup capital you need, as it can be a while before the business begins to bring in sustainable revenue.90011 90084 Perform a break-even analysis. 90085 90010 One way you can determine how much money you need is to perform a break-even analysis. This is an essential element of financial planning that helps business owners determine when their company, product or service will be profitable. 90011 90010 The formula is simple. 90011 90002 90003 90017 Fixed Costs / (Average Price — Variable Costs) = Break-Even Point 90018 90004 90009 90010 Every entrepreneur should use this formula as a tool because it informs you about the minimum performance your business must achieve to avoid losing money.Furthermore, it helps you understand exactly where your profits come from, so you can set production goals accordingly. 90011 90010 Here are the three most common reasons to conduct a break-even analysis: 90011 90132 90003 90017 90018 90017 Determine profitability 90018. This is generally every business owner’s highest interest. 90017 Ask yourself 90018: How much revenue do I need to generate to cover all my expenses? Which products or services turn a profit and which ones are sold at a loss? 90004 90003 90017 90018 90017 Price a product or service 90018.When most people think about pricing, they consider how much their product costs to create and how competitors are pricing their products. 90017 Ask yourself 90018: What are the fixed rates, what are the variable costs, and what is the total cost? What is the cost of any physical goods and what is the cost of labor? 90004 90003 90017 90018 90017 Analyze the data. 90018 What volumes of goods or services do you have to sell to be profitable? 90017 Ask yourself 90018: How can I reduce my overall fixed costs? How can I reduce the variable costs per unit? How can I improve sales? 90004 90157 90084 Watch your expenses.90085 90010 Do not overspend when starting a business. Understand the types of purchases that make sense for your business and avoid overspending on fancy new equipment that will not help you reach your business goals. 90011 90010 «A lot of startups tend to spend money on unnecessary things,» said Jean Paldan, founder and CEO of Rare Form New Media. «We worked with a startup that had two employees but spent a huge amount on office space that would fit 20 people. They also leased a professional high-end printer that was more suited for a team of 100 (it had keycards to track who was printing what and when).Spend as little as possible when you start and only on the things that are essential for the business to grow and be a success. Luxuries can come when you’re established. «90011 90010 If you need financial assistance, a commercial loan through a bank is a good starting point, although these are often difficult to secure. If you are unable to take out a bank loan, you can apply for a small business loan through the Small Business Administration (SBA) or an alternative lender. 90017 [See related story: 90018 90017 Best Alternative Small Business Loans 90018 90017] 90018 90011 90010 Startups requiring significant funding upfront may want to bring on an investor.Investors can provide several million dollars or more to a fledgling company, with the expectation that the backers will have a hands-on role in running your business. 90011 90010 Alternatively, you could launch an equity crowdfunding campaign to raise smaller amounts of money from multiple backers. Crowdfunding has helped numerous companies in recent years, and there are dozens of reliable crowdfunding platforms designed for different types of businesses. 90011 90010 You can learn more about each of these capital sources and more in our guide to startup finance options.90011 90084 Choose the right business bank. 90085 90010 When choosing the right business bank, size matters. Marcus Anwar, co-founder of OhMy.Canada recommends smaller community banks because they are in tune with the local market conditions and will work with you based on your overall business profile and character. 90011 90010 «They’re unlike big banks that look at your credit score and will be more selective to loan money to small businesses,» Anwar said. «Not only that, but small banks want to build a personal relationship with you and ultimately help you if you run into problems and miss a payment.Another good thing about smaller banks is that decisions are made at the branch level, which can be much quicker than big banks where decisions are made at a higher level. «90011 90010 Anwar believes that when choosing a bank for your business, you should ask yourself these questions: 90011 90002 90003 What is important to me? 90004 90003 Do I want to build a close relationship with a bank that’s willing to help me in any ay possible? 90004 90003 Do I want to be just another bank account like big banks will view me as? 90004 90009 90010 Ultimately, choosing the right bank for your business comes down to the needs of your business.Writing down your banking needs can help narrow your focus to what you should be looking for. Schedule meetings with various banks and ask questions about how they work with small businesses to find the best bank for your business. 90017 [See related story: 90018 90017 Business Bank Account Checklist: Documents You’ll Need 90018 90017] 90018 90011 90010 90011 90010 90017 Editor’s note: Looking for a small business loan? Fill out the questionnaire below to have our vendor partners contact you about your needs.90018 90011 90062 4. Determine your legal business structure. 90063 90010 Before you can register your company, you need to decide what kind of entity it is. Your business structure legally affects everything from how you file your taxes to your personal liability if something goes wrong. 90011 90010 If you own the business entirely by yourself and plan to be responsible for all debts and obligations, you can register for a sole proprietorship. Be warned that this route can directly affect your personal credit.90011 90010 Alternatively, a partnership, as its name implies, means that two or more people are held personally liable as business owners. You do not have to go it alone if you can find a business partner with complementary skills to your own. It’s usually a good idea to add someone into the mix to help your business flourish. 90011 90010 If you want to separate your personal liability from your company’s liability, you may want to consider forming one of several types of corporations.This makes a business a separate entity apart from its owners, and, therefore, corporations can own property, assume liability, pay taxes, enter contracts, sue and be sued like any other individual. 90011 90010 One of the most common structures for small businesses, however, is the limited liability corporation. This hybrid structure has the legal protections of a corporation while allowing for the tax benefits of a partnership. 90011 90010 «Corporations, especially C-corporations, are especially suitable for new businesses that plan on ‘going public’ or seeking funding from venture capitalists in the near future,» said Deryck Jordan, managing attorney at Jordan Counsel.90011 90010 Ultimately, it is up to you to determine which type of entity is best for your current needs and future business goals. It’s important to learn about the various legal business structures that are available. If you’re struggling to make up your mind, it’s not a bad idea to discuss the decision with a business or legal adviser. 90011 90062 5. Register with the government and IRS. 90063 90010 To become an officially recognized business entity, you must register with the government.Corporations will need an «articles of incorporation» document, which includes your business name, business purpose, corporate structure, stock details and other information about your company. 90011 90010 Otherwise, you will need to register your business name, which can be your legal name, a fictitious «doing business as» (DBA) name (if you are the sole proprietor), or the name you’ve come up with for your company. You may also want to take steps to trademark your business name for extra legal protection.90011 90010 Most states require that you get a DBA. If you’re in a general partnership or a proprietorship operating under a fictitious name, you may need to apply for a DBA certificate. It’s best to contact or visit your local county clerk’s office and ask about specific requirements and fees. Generally, there is a registration fee involved. 90011 90010 After you register your business, you may need to get an Employer Identification Number (EIN) from the IRS. While this is not required for sole proprietorships with no employees, you may want to apply for one anyway to keep your personal and business taxes separate, or simply to save yourself the trouble later if you decide to hire someone.The IRS has provided a checklist to determine whether you will require an EIN to run your business. If you do need an EIN, you can register online for free. 90011 90010 You also will need to file certain forms to fulfill your federal and state income tax obligations. The forms you need are determined by your business structure. A complete list of the forms each type of entity will need can be found on SBA’s website. You will need to check your state’s website for information on state-specific and local tax obligations.90011 90010 «You might be tempted to wing it with a PayPal account and social media platform, but if you start with a proper foundation, your business will have fewer hiccups to worry about in the long run,» said Natalie Pierre-Louis, an attorney with NPL Consulting. 90011 90084 Obtain all required licenses and permits. 90085 90010 Some businesses may also require federal, state or local licenses and permits to operate. The best place to obtain a business license is at your local city hall.You can then use the SBA’s database to search for licensing requirements by state and business type. 90011 90010 Businesses and independent contractors in certain trades are required to carry professional licenses. One example of a professional business license is a commercial driver’s license (CDL). Individuals with a CDL are allowed to operate certain types of vehicles, such as buses, tank trucks and tractor-trailers. A CDL is divided into three classes: Class A, Class B and Class C. 90011 90010 You should also check with your city and state to find out if you need a seller’s permit that authorizes your business to collect sales tax from your customers.A seller’s permit goes by numerous names, including resale permit, resell permit, permit license, reseller permit, resale ID, state tax ID number, reseller number, reseller license permit or certificate of authority. 90011 90010 It’s important to note that these requirements and names vary from state to state. You can register for a seller’s permit through the state government website of the state (s) you’re doing business in. 90011 90010 Jordan says that not all businesses need to collect sales tax (or obtain a seller’s permit).»For example, New York sales tax generally is not required for the sale of most services (such as professional services, education, and capital improvements to real estate), medicine or food for home consumption,» Jordan said. «So, for example, if your business only sells medicine, you do not need a New York seller’s permit. But New York sales tax must be collected in conjunction with the sale of new tangible personal goods, utilities, telephone service, hotel stays, and food and beverages (in restaurants).»90011 90062 6. Purchase an insurance policy. 90063 90010 It might slip your mind as something you’ll «get around to» eventually, but purchasing the right insurance for your business is an important step that should happen before you officially launch. Dealing with incidents such as property damage, theft or even a customer lawsuit can be costly, and you need to be sure that you’re properly protected. 90011 90010 If your business will have employees, you will, at a minimum, need to purchase workers ‘compensation and unemployment insurance.You may also need other types of coverage depending on your location and industry, but most small businesses are advised to purchase general liability (GL) insurance, or a business owner’s policy. GL covers property damage, bodily injury and personal injury to yourself or a third party. 90011 90010 If your business provides a service, you may also want to consider professional liability insurance. It covers you if you do something wrong or neglect to do something you should have done while operating your business.Learn more about the types of insurance policies your business might need. 90011 90062 7. Build your team. 90063 90010 Unless you’re planning to be your only employee, you’re going to need to hire a great team to get your company off the ground. Joe Zawadzki, CEO and founder of MediaMath, said entrepreneurs need to give the «people» element of their businesses the same attention they give their products. 90011 90010 «Your product is built by people,» Zawadski said. «Identifying your founding team, understanding what gaps exist, and [determining] how and when you will address them should be top priority.Figuring out how the team will work together … is equally important. Defining roles and responsibility, division of labor, how to give feedback or how to work together when not everyone is in the same room will save you a lot of headaches down the line. «90011 90062 8. Choose your vendors. 90063 90010 Running a business can be overwhelming, and you and your team probably are not going to be able to do it all on your own. That’s where third-party vendors come in. Companies in every industry from HR to business phone systems exist to partner with you and help you run your business better.90011 90010 When you’re searching for B2B partners, you’ll have to choose carefully. These companies will have access to vital and potentially sensitive business data, so it’s critical to find someone you can trust. In our guide to choosing business partners, our expert sources recommend asking potential vendors about their experience in your industry, their track record with existing clients and what kind of growth they’ve helped other clients achieve. 90011 90010 Business News Daily offers reviews of the best vendors across a wide range of B2B product and service categories.Visit our Find a Solution section to find our recommendations. 90011 90062 9. Brand yourself and advertise. 90063 90010 Before you start selling your product or service, you need to build up your brand and get a following of people ready to jump when you open your literal or figurative doors for business. 90011 90010 Create a logo that can help people easily identify your brand, and be consistent in using it across all of your platforms, including your all-important company website.Use social media to spread the word about your new business, perhaps as a promotional tool to offer coupons and discounts to followers once you launch. 90017 [See related review: 90018 90017 Best Email Marketing Software and Services for 2020 90018] 90011 90010 Be sure to also keep these digital assets up to date with relevant, interesting content about your business and industry. According to Ruthann Bowen, client relations specialist at EastCamp Creative, too many startups have the wrong mindset about their websites.90011 90010 «The issue is they see their website as a cost, not an investment,» Bowen said. «In today’s digital age that’s a huge mistake. The small business owners who understand how critical it is to have a great online presence will have a leg up on starting out strong.» 90011 90010 Creating a marketing plan that goes beyond your launch is essential to building a clientele by continually getting the word out about your business. This process, especially in the beginning, is just as important as providing a quality product or service.90011 90084 Ask customers to opt-in to your marketing communications. 90085 90010 As you build your brand, ask your customers and potential customers for permission to communicate with them. The easiest way to do this is by using opt-in forms. These are «forms of consent» given by web users, authorizing you to contact them with further information about your business, according to Dan Edmonson, founder and CEO of Dronegenuity. 90011 90010 «These types of forms usually pertain to email communication and are often used in e-commerce to request permission to send newsletters, marketing material, product sales, etc.to customers, «Edmonson said.» Folks get so many throwaway emails and other messages these days, that by getting them to opt-in to your services in a transparent way, you begin to build trust with your customers. «90011 90010 Opt-in forms are a great starting point for building trust and respect with potential customers. However, it’s important to know that these forms are required by law. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 sets requirements for commercial email by the Federal Trade Commission. This law does not just apply to bulk email, it covers all commercial messages in which the law defines as «any electronic mail message the primary purpose of which is the commercial advertisement or promotion of a commercial product or service.»Each email in violation of this law is subject to fines of more than $ 40,000. 90011 90062 10. Grow your business. 90063 90010 Your launch and first sales are only the beginning of your task as an entrepreneur. To make a profit and stay afloat, you always need to be growing your business. It’s going to take time and effort, but you’ll get out of your business what you put into it. 90011 90010 Collaborating with more established brands in your industry is a great way to achieve growth.Reach out to other companies or even https://www.businessnewsdaily.com and ask for some promotion in exchange for a free product sample or service. Partner with a charity organization, and volunteer some of your time or products to get your name out there. To grow your business quickly, check out our business growth tips. 90011 90010 While these tips will help launch your business and get you set to grow, there’s never a perfect plan. You want to make sure you prepare thoroughly for starting a business, but things will almost certainly go awry.To run a successful business, you must adapt to changing situations. 90011 90010 «Be prepared to adjust,» said Stephanie Murray, CEO and founder of Fiddlestix Candy Co. «There’s a saying in the military that ‘no plan survives the first contact,’ meaning that you can have the best plan in the world, but as soon as it’s in action, things change, and you have to be ready and willing to adapt and problem-solve quickly. As an entrepreneur, your value lies in solving problems whether that is your product or service solving problems for other people or you solving problems within your organization.»90011 .90000 15 Ways to Make Sure You Stay on Budget 90001 90002 When it comes to building your own home from scratch or renovating an existing property, a key (arguably the most important) part of the project is making sure you stick to your budget. A contingency fund (of at least 10%) is a good idea, but if costs are allowed to run ahead of budget it can make occupation of the new home difficult and even force the homeowners to sell up as soon as the project is completed. 90003 90002 In order to avoid financial disasters occurring, here are some tips to take notice of and bear in mind at all times.90003 90006 1. Put Budget at the Top of Your Wishlist 90007 90002 Any wishlist presented to your chosen designer must have, at the very top of that list, exactly what the build budget is. It should be made clear from the outset that any plans drawn on your behalf must be capable of being built within and for that budget, if they are to be considered as fit for purpose. 90003 90002 Plans which demonstrably fail to adhere to this criteria should not be paid for and you should consider how to best proceed — if necessary, moving on to a designer who can more clearly show that they understand the budget’s importance.90003 90002 90003 90006 2. Choose Designers Who Understand Costs 90007 90002 Only work with designers who can demonstrate a thorough knowledge and understanding of costs. It’s all too easy to get carried away with esoteric and grandiose design concepts, which will have a knock-on effect on costs. Yet that does not mean that the self builder or renovator with budget restraints always has to put up with the boring or mundane designs. There are many ways of achieving that wow-factor without necessarily incurring significant extra costs.90003 90002 What one must avoid is the total disconnect between design and costs that can lead to a whole lot of work, plans and money ending up in the bin. If you suspect that your designer or architect is not paying attention to costs and the budget, then cut loose from them as quickly as possible. 90003 90006 3. Keep Budgeting Throughout the Project 90007 90002 The budget is not a one-off, fixed thing. You do not work out your budget and then simply trust that an evolving design, which may have seemed financially practical at the beginning, will continue to be so at its climax.90023 At each stage of its evolution, advice should be sought to make sure that the project is staying on budget 90024 — and if necessary a changed management process put in place to formalise its impact on the cost plan. 90003 90002 Things are going to change, even after what you may have thought were the final plans. Planners might insist on changes. Helpful interested parties may suggest alterations, many of which could make the building more attractive or more valuable. However, each time there is a change, it must always be related back to the original costs and the budget — if something goes up, then something else must come down.90003 90006 4. Always Add a Contingency 90007 90002 Top tip 90003 90002 On most sites a contingency of 10% is usually sufficient. On a sloping site, on bad ground or where there’s a basement, then 20% might be a better amount. 90003 90002 Something is bound to happen during the build that may throw your costs out. You need a contingency to take care of the unforeseens on site. Contrary to most perceptions, a contingency is not normally used up in one or two disasters, but is instead used in the gentle and general creep in prices as each trade progresses.90003 90002 If the ground is a bit soft you’ll have to dig deeper. Digging deeper means more time excavating. It means more soil away and it means more concrete in the foundations. A few more power points, underfloor central heating instead of radiators, a better kitchen or bathroom, that’s where the money goes. 90003 90006 5. Add Cost Savings to Your Contingency Fund 90007 90002 If you make a saving on one aspect of the build, do not always rush out to spend it in making the building bigger or by choosing more expensive external materials.Instead, save it and use it — if it’s still available in the later stages of the project then you have the option to spend this on better internal fittings such as kitchen units, sanitaryware and flooring, once the principal costs have been expended. 90003 90002 Having that money ‘in the kitty’ might also be of considerable help if something unforeseen goes over budget. The chances are that most cost differentials are likely to be against you rather than for you — so make sure you pocket the ones that come in under budget.90003 90006 6. Get Definitive Costs 90007 90002 You can not get definitive costs at the initial drawings stage. All you can do at that point is to rely on professional opinion, your own calculations with respect to the build cost calculator and, perhaps, the judgement of a friendly builder who’s prepared to give you a rough estimate based on their experience. 90003 90002 As soon as you’ve got dimensioned or scalable drawings, arrange for one of the estimating companies who work within the industry to prepare you a full costing breakdown, listing all of the costs for labour, plant and materials.This is invaluable. It will, of course, demonstrate to you that you are on budget. But it will also be a formidable tool in negotiating prices with labour, builders and suppliers. 90003 90002 An alternative would be to send the drawings off to a quantity surveyor, but that’s likely to be a much more expensive option and the resulting information might not be directly relevant to a self build or renovation project. 90003 90006 7. Be Flexible 90007 90002 Nothing is sillier than pursuing plans for a building that you can not afford to build.If your constant re-evaluation of the costs and budget prove that this is the case, do not bury your head in the sand. Bite the bullet and call a halt. If your strictures about budget have been ignored by the architect or designer, then you should be quite within your rights not to pay for the work done. In which case all you’ll have lost is time. 90003 90002 If the costs have increased beyond the budget due to your demands and unsustainable aspirations then you are culpable in your own misfortune.To proceed without funds will only lead to heartache and frustration. Listen to the advice and start the design process again — the extra few thousand pounds now will save you much more later on. 90003 90006 8. Consider Project Management 90007 90002 The lure of project managing is easy to understand: you could end up saving up to 17% on your build costs if you take on the role yourself. That’s not even mentioning that you’re putting yourself in control of the project, which is itself a powerful motivation for some.However, any novice mistakes you may make will create delays and eat into the contingency you set aside in your budget. 90003 90002 If you can commit to the role — and feel like you have the skills to succeed at it — then you can certainly save money by taking it on. Equally, if you can not commit or are not confident in your skills, not taking on the role can also be a money-saving decision — leaving it in the hands of a professional project manager is money well-spent. 90003 90006 9. Should you DIY? 90007 90002 As well as deciding whether to project manage, have a similar conversation with yourself about your DIY skills.Do not just take on jobs for the sake of saving a penny or two if you lack the requisite ability — or the confidence — to finish the job to a standard you’d be happy to live with. 90003 90002 It is undeniably a false economy to tackle an aspect of your build yourself only to have it redone in the near future because your work was not up to scratch. Worse still is to end up spending money repairing or completely redoing something you’ve botched — the extra cost of the labour and materials being something that could have been easily avoided.90003 90002 But when it comes to the more straightforward aspects of a project that simply require a bit of legwork — for example, keeping the site tidy each night, basic landscaping and decorating — you should be able to use your involvement as a relatively easy way of reducing labour costs. 90003 90002 It is not unusual for extras to the original contract to cost 40% or more. If you do not watch out and you let things slide without checking prices, you could be in for a very nasty shock at the end of the project.90003 90002 Always insist on any extras, such as fitted wardrobes, more power points, garden walls etc., being properly costed and agreed in writing before they are enacted. When you then get the prices for the extras, relate them to your overall budget before commissioning them. If trades or a builder does things differently, just because they thought it would be better, without your prior agreement then you’re under no obligation to pay for them if they cost more. 90003 90006 11. Consider Subcontractors 90007 90002 If you had hoped to get a builder to do the whole job and the prices you’re getting prove to you that it is not going to be possible, then you might consider employing direct or subcontract labour for the various trades, thus cutting out the builder’s profit.It might involve you in more work and a greater responsibility on site, but if it gets you the home you want within your budget, then it’s well worth consideration. 90003 90002 On the other hand, if costs are still in excess of your budget, even when you’ve adopted this new build method, then the only thing to do is go back to the drawing board. 90003 90006 12. Phasing the Project 90007 90002 Having to go back to the drawing board at this point really goes to show that you have not paid the right attention to costs and budget.Nevertheless, in some cases, and especially if the project is intended as your long-term home, it might be possible to phase some of the work to fit in with your budget. 90003 90002 Detached garages can always be built later; the expensive kitchen can wait a few years while you get by on a cheaper alternative; ditto with bathrooms. You might want to consider splitting the project into weathertight and fit-out stages, meaning that you can approach the management of these stages differently too — perhaps using a main contractor for the first part and managing the finishing trades yourself.90003 90006 13. Buy in Bulk 90007 90002 Taking advantage of any economies of scale that are available to you is a great way of keeping spending on track. Skilfully using the same materials throughout the build — exterior and interior — can be one option. Buying materials such as bricks, roofing materials and interior products such as bathroom tiles and flooring, for instance, in bulk, could afford you a stronger buying position than picking smaller lots of multiple types. 90003 90002 If you are also able to store the materials securely on site, you can also save some money by having these delivered at the same time, avoiding having to pay for multiple deliveries.90003 90006 14. Buy Site Goods Rather Than Hire 90007 90002 The hiring of site goods — such as a site hut and toilet facilities — is often seen as a given during the build process, with funds earmarked for it in the budget from the earliest stages . But hire rates are sunk costs and it may make financial sense to buy the equipment up front, use it for the duration of the build and then sell it on afterwards. 90003 90002 You’ll often be able to recoup most of your money, and even if you end up making a small loss, it may still work out being less than you would have paid to hire them.Of course, this requires more initial expenditure, but it can add up to sizable savings when you come to sell the equipment. 90003 90006 15. Listen to Good Advice 90007 90002 As a novice self builder there’ll be a temptation to think that your project will be different from all the others that have come before it, and that you may be the only one who truly understands it. This, alas, is not true. One of the biggest mistakes a self builder can make is to ignore the good advice of the experts they are working alongside.90003 90002 Of course, establishing what constitutes good advice — and learning who gives it — is the real skill. 90003 .